(1975). This choice is guarded by the topic of study, the advantages and disadvantages, and the strengths and weaknesses of using either one or the other type of the methodologies. PDF Is All Descriptive Representation Equal?: A Closer Look at Latino The main question I consider in the paper is how to overcome the essentialism of descriptive representation. The SPAE is a national survey that is used to gauge the quality of the election experience. California: University of California Press. Naturalistic observation is around us and can used by the ordinary person to a psychologist in extensive research. In political theory, descriptive representation as a corrective to structural asymmetries within society is usually debated against the background of formal political institutions. WAPPP Co-Director Iris Bohnet will be a featured panelist in the upcoming policy forum on Using Innovation and Technology to Advance Gender Equality" hosted by @ipinst, @swiss_un, and @INTGenderChamps. It can only describe a situation and cannot explain why something is happening. Date: 01 October 2004: DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9248.2004.00492.x: . Spirals of trust? American Political Science Review, 95, 589602. If a voter knows that their candidate is polling 20 points behind, then voting for that candidate is essentially a wasted vote. Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive representation Descriptive representation is where people are allowed to vote for leaders who they feel mirror their beliefs. The Symbolic Benefits of Descriptive and Substantive Representation. The party which receives the most votes in a proportional representation structure will work with other parties to form a full majority. It describes the characteristics of a citizens or circumstance being studied. In the United States, where there are two major parties in a winner-takes-all format, each elected representative only represents a simple majority of the population. pros and cons of descriptive representation. Kuklinski, J. H. (1978). Bobo, L., & Gilliam, F. D, Jr. (1990). 17 Pivotal Hydroelectricity Pros and Cons, 18 Major Advantages and Disadvantages of the Payback Period, 20 Advantages and Disadvantages of Leasing a Car, 19 Advantages and Disadvantages of Debt Financing, 24 Key Advantages and Disadvantages of a C Corporation, 16 Biggest Advantages and Disadvantages of Mediation, 18 Advantages and Disadvantages of a Gated Community, 17 Big Advantages and Disadvantages of Focus Groups, 17 Key Advantages and Disadvantages of Corporate Bonds, 19 Major Advantages and Disadvantages of Annuities, 17 Biggest Advantages and Disadvantages of Advertising. (DOC) Discuss the benefits and limitations of descriptive and However, the disadvantages of descriptive research include that it can be limiting, cannot identify cause and effect, and may be biased. (2011) and Berinsky etal. In this article, we will explore the benefits and limitations of descriptive research and when it is the most appropriate research method to use. Descriptive representation is the concept that those who represent the American people should not only have the same political interest, but should also mirror the demographic makeup of the people. Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive research There are two ways to carry out a pre-experimental design, which are as follows: In the case of descriptive research, there are three techniques to carry it out: Observation is one of the most used techniques when conducting descriptive research. Proportional representation removes this obstacle, allowing real issues to be debated instead of trying to woo swing voters that could provide a simple majority vote. The effect of black congressional representation on political participation. Descriptive research is one of the most basic forms of research that can be conducted to gain insights into a particular subject. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. Because of the decentralized nature of American elections, the analysis considered not only the effect of descriptive representation on confidence in the voters ballot being counted accurately but also ballots across their local jurisdiction (county or city), state, and the nation. Within election administration, a diverse population of poll workers serves as a means to facilitate confidence in elections and the legitimacy of election outcomes. And as I write, significant representation by gender cannot be achieved in any existing polity without some form of quota. (2004). The American Political Science Review, 57(1), 4556. Disadvantaged groups gain advantages from descriptive representation in at least four contexts. both the seat in the House of Representative and the Senate (Geiger et al). Lawless, J. L. (2004). Descriptive representation should be judged primarily on this criterion. The article concludes with a discussion on the important avenues for future research as the level of diversity in Congress increases and more . Proportional Representation: Definition, Example, Pros & Cons In political theory, descriptive representation as a corrective to structural asymmetries within society is usually debated against the background of formal political institutions. The American Political Science Review, 535547. Here are some of the key pros and cons of proportional representation to think about and discuss. For notable exceptions, see Tate (2003) and Casellas and Wallace 2015). a firm and chewy baked product contains gluten; is chuck drummond still alive; homes for rent by owner in calumet city, il; houma news live; did adam bowles leave kthv tees, and voters weigh the pros and cons of descriptive representation, this analysis argues for attention to the specific historical contexts that make descrip-tive representation most useful. Journal of Politics, 68(2), 233247. research is observational in nature and a type of correlational research, and is often contrasted with. A. 79 John F. Kennedy Street The structures behind proportional representation allow independent candidates and minority parties an opportunity to be elected, which can end the dynasties of the major political parties in that country. March 7 4612. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 623638. pros and cons of descriptive representation - maxidress.store Constructing successful ways to reach goals necessary to make something as small as possible in the event of medication errors and patient safety. 4. Just 5 countries in the world today use a system that is based on plurality voting. It encourages a coalition government. Thu., Mar. Are Russian troops using sexual violence as a weapon? Gerrymandering. Descriptive statistics on the dependent variables can be found in the Appendix (Supplementary material). Making Elections Accessible and Meaningful Providing Incentives for Conciliation Facilitating Stable and Efficient Government Holding the Government Accountable Holding Individual Representatives Accountable Encouraging Political Parties Promoting Legislative Opposition and Oversight Making the Election Process Workable and Sustainable The political representation of blacks in Congress: Does race matter? The advantage is that it ensures that government sis efficient as the democratic process has included checks and balances (Regoli). In contexts of group mistrust and uncrystallized interests, the better communication and experiential knowledge of descriptive representatives enhances their substantive representation of the group's interests by improving the quality of deliberation. I claim that a . Another benefit of descriptive research is that it enables you to determine the behavior of people in a natural setting. The selection of questions should include both open and closed questions, thus guaranteeing a balance between them and making it possible to collect good quality information. Do majority-minority districts maximize substantive black representation in congress? Minority representation, empowerment, and participation. The data from a descriptive research project can be collected from one person or a small group of people. Schwindt-Bayer, L. A., & Mishler, W. (2005). Solving problems for constituents, especially problems involving government officials. 6. In addition to the important administrative role that they play, poll workers also contribute to the way voters view elections and their outcomes. As in all types of research, the data provided by descriptive research must be both accurate and reliable. When voters vote in person, poll workers are the street level bureaucrats charged with complying with local, state, and federal laws, setting up the polling location, checking voters in and verifying voter registration status, providing assistance and remedy when there are problems with the voting machines, responding to citizens concerns and questions, and closing the polling location. The descriptive evaluation was proposed as opposed to traditional method of evaluation and it is based on new strategies for facing the government's challenges. They allow to formulate hypotheses, as well as provide a large amount of valuable data for the development of future investigations. Bridgett Kingis an associate professor and Director of the Master of Public Administration Program at Auburn University. The tyranny of the majority: Fundamental fairness in representative democracy. Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive research. In addition, it is possible to present a hypothesis and to expand the degree of knowledge about the event under investigation. Casework. An American who represents themselves in court has a fool for a client, according to an old story told about former President Abraham Lincoln. The advantages of descriptive research include that it is easy to conduct, can be used to gather large amounts of data, and can provide a baseline for future research. Our "Oval Office" training program inspires and supports nontraditional candidates to run for public office. The strengths of naturalistic observations are better generalizing, subjects are comfortable which adds to higher degree of realism. Researchers surely appreciate the ease of which they are able to problem solve, collect data and share the results of their, Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development. Until a candidate reaches more than the set share of votes, no one is declared a winner. U. Scholarship evaluating the substantive benefits of Latino representation has produced conflicting results. Pros and Cons of Descriptive Research 2023 - Ablison This makes it easy for students to see where they stand in their academic performance. Politics of presence? That means the representatives are required to build consensus through compromise, which results in moderate, centrist policies instead of sliding to the left or the right. volume39,pages 3150 (2017)Cite this article. Cameron, C., Epstein, D., & OHalloran, S. (1996). Problems to select a suitable method: Information can be . People who were part of the study had experienced some medication error in their work unit, with dose errors being the most frequent and the number of staff giving to the event of medication errors. descriptive representation pros and cons - klobeto.com Problems of Descriptive Representation in Dutch Works Councils Today, the Journals Division publishes more than 70 journals and hardcover serials, in a wide range of academic disciplines, including the social sciences, the humanities, education, the biological and medical sciences, and the physical sciences. Social Science Quarterly, 88(5), 11061123. McCrone, D. J. Data from the 2016Survey of the Performance of American Elections(SPAE) was used to evaluate the relationship between descriptive representation and confidence. The effect of black voters interacting with a black poll worker when compared to a non-black poll worker increases the probability of being very confident in ballot accuracy from a range of 8 to 10 percentage points. It allows you to collect data in a natural environment that gives high-quality and honest data collection. hayward permit application 0 items / $ 0.00. update sklearn version in jupyter notebook Menu. American Political Science Review, 90, 794812. Research questions are the first step to takebefore starting to study something that intrigues us. Numbers and Newness: The Descriptive and Substantive Representation of Patterns and correlations are clear and visible: Statistical data is data that has already been analyzed and therefore the patterns and correlations have already been done and are clear and visible. Pros and cons of working with samples. This may help you better understand research findings, whether reported in the mainstream media, or when reading a research study on your own. There are many benefits of including minorities of power in decision-making so-called descriptive representation. The Costs and Benefits of Descriptive Representation - SpringerLink The collection of research focuses on experimental approachesboth in the field and in the laboratoryand draws from multiple disciplines, including economics, psychology, and organizational behavior. The gender gap in Latin America: Contextual and individual influences on gender and political participation. The American Political Science Review, 84, 377393. GAP added 6 new summaries on intersectionality in 2022, bringing the total intersectional summaries to 61, 21% of all research included on GAP. Degree of Control over Variables. PDF A Study of Strengths and Weaknesses of Descriptive Assessment from - ed Gay, C. (2001). More gridlock, instead of less, can be created, especially if more than two parties are involved in the coalition. The research survey is one of the most widely used instruments when conducting descriptive research, where the number of samples to be taken is large. Heres what we know. In this type of research method, emphasis is placed on natural settings and the participants. The three most common descriptive statistics can be displayed graphically or pictorially and are measures of: Graphical/Pictorial Methods Measures of Central Tendency helvetia 20 franc gold coin 1947 value; pros and cons of descriptive representation. 2-3:30 pm As I write, descriptive representation by gender improves substantive outcomes for women in every polity for which we have a measure. Berinsky, A. J., Huber, G. A., & Lenz, G. S. (2012). On June 24, 2022, the U.S. Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade, ending nearly 50 years of constitutional protections for abortion. This information can be used to develop hypotheses for further research. Race, political empowerment, and minority perceptions of judicial fairness. The limitations of descriptive research include that it cannot explain why something is happening and may be biased. The closest comparative system would be the representative republic, such as used in the United . Some of the most important are listed below. To carry out a descriptive research, it is necessary to know in advance the variables that will be analyzed, since this type of research is not dedicated to the search for variables, but to their study. . Descriptive research is often used to provide a snapshot of a population or phenomenon. 2, Miller, W. E., & Stokes, D. E. (1963). Quota Problems: Combating the Dangers of Essentialism Gay, C. (2002). The index was re-scaled to run from 0 (least fair) to 1 (most fair). Through the resource of the survey, it is possible to carry out a descriptive investigation that yields information about the number of hours per day that children in a particular population play. With more voices heard, there is a better chance that real action can be taken within the government. In a proportional representation system, if the party wins 50% of the vote over 12 districts, then 6 seats would be awarded to them from the election results. However, due to its low precision in forecasting, it is not possible to specify the causes and effects of the phenomenon studied. Using observation, qualitative data can be collected on the habits of supermarket customers regarding the purchases they make in it. The authors would like to thank Bill Bianco, Eileen Braman, Christopher DeSante, Bernard Fraga, Brian Gaines, Jim Kuklinski, Jeff Mondak, Diana Z. OBrien, and Cara Wong for guidance and feedback on earlier drafts. American Journal of Political Science, 717732. Some examples of descriptive investigations may be the following: Studying the penguin population that exists in the South Georgia Islands is a descriptive investigation that answers the what and where. This form of research provides insight on human nature, we are able to understand basic psychological processes from this. Should blacks represent blacks and women represent women? It can create political gridlock, just like in any other system of government. Descriptive designs -the current state of affairs, Provides a relatively complete picture, does not assess relationships among variables Experimental - impact on experimental manipulations on a dependent variable, Allows drawing of conclusions, Cannot experimentally manipulate many important variables, Descriptive research, this will not answer questions like how, when, why it has happened. Descriptive research is used to gain information about behavior. To obtain quantitative information, statistical and numerical study methodologies are used, where information about values such as weight, scale and years, among others, is obtained. (2010). In, addition, women representation has grown over the years with the current Congress having more, women in positions of power. Being able to make a forecast of the weather that a particular child of that city plays. Black faces in the mirror: African Americans and their representatives in the US Congress. 2. Congresswomen and symbolic representation. Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive research. More people feel like they are adequately represented under this type of structure. One of the major challenges in providing quality representation comes from the desire to balance the will of the majority with the needs of political minorities. Naturalistic Observation observing people in their natural setting. That means the 49% of people who voted Republican will be represented by somebody for whom they did not vote. Congress in black and white. Given the important role that poll workers play as the street level bureaucrats that voters encounter and the role that descriptive representation can play in legitimizing government, it stands to reason that for minority voters, interacting with a poll worker of similar racial identity will increase confidence in elections. Explore a selection of resources that raise the visibility of transgender people and address issues members of the community face. Pros and cons of MMP | The Star Errors and Mistakes: Since graphical representations are complex, there is- each and every chance of errors and mistakes.This causes problems for a better understanding of general people. What is a Descriptive Representative? | PS: Political Science pros and cons of descriptive representation ; ; Descriptive research can be particularly useful in identifying trends or patterns. In her classic work The Concept of Representation, Hanna Pitkin establishes four aspects of representation: formalistic, substantive, descriptive, and symbolic (Pitkin 1967).. Scholars normally define substantive representation as having one's policy views expressed by an elected . Specifically, the following methods were applied: the mode was used to identify the data with the highest frequency; the mean. Gender quotas and the problem with descriptive representation - De Gruyter Instead we express these parameters as a range of potential numbers, along with a degree of confidence. Instead it tells us the what question what are the traits of the citizens or situation being studied? Stealth democracy: Americans beliefs about how government should work. Although the analysis focused on black Americans, descriptive representation more than likely matters for other racial and ethnic groups who often do not see themselves reflected in the street level bureaucrats they regularly encounter.