He lies buried in the Gorstan e Shahi in Srinagar. Horace Hayman Wilson partially translated the work, and wrote an essay based on it, titled The Hindu History of Kashmir (published in Asiatic Researches Volume 15). Raja Ram Mohan Roy, a social and educational reformer, was an idealist who contributed immensely in eradicating social evils prevalent in the society during the 18th century.He was popularly known as "Father of Modern India". Belonged to a different family from Lava's dynasty (I.95), Known for constructing a canal named Suvarnamani, Great-grandson of Shakuni and son of Shachinara's first cousin. [8] Aryarajas were mostly Hindus. [7][8] Some scholars state that the Panjgabbar valley was peopled by Khasas and so ascribe a Khasa ethnicity to Shah Mir. A virtuous king, he was seduced and killed by a woman named Vatta, along with several of his sons and grandsons. Duke University Press publishes approximately one hundred books per year and Rajatarangini ("The River of Kings") is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western part of India, particularly the kings of Kashmir. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. Although the earlier books are inaccurate in their chronology, they still provide an invaluable source of information about early Kashmir and its neighbors in the north western parts of the Indian subcontinent, and are widely referenced by later historians and ethnographers. Abu l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state Kalhaa's account of Kashmir begins with the legendary reign of Gonarda, who was contemporary to Yudhishthira of the Mahbhrata, but the recorded history of Kashmir, as retold by Kalhaa begins from the period of the Mauryas. Arthashastra , one of the first in the history of Malayalam literature. Its apt choice of kavya (poetry), as felicitously described by Shonaleeka Kaul, makes for a versatile and flexible mode that can entertain the mythic and the folk alongside classical and conventionalised registers of imagination and representation. Kavya as a genre has had a prominent place in traditional Malayalam poetics, so the austere aesthetics of Kalhanas work will strike a chord with readers, particularly those with a yen for that stimulating mixture of Sanskrit and Malayalam of yore, termed Manipravala. What 3 things do you do when you recognize an emergency situation? The Loharas ruled for many generations. Who translated Rajatarangini in Persian language? He looked up a variety of epigraphic sources relating to royal eulogies, construction of temples, and land grants; he studied coins, monumental remains, family records, and local traditions. All rights reserved. . The result is an exposure to the ineffable delights of Sanskritised Malayalam, an edifying experience in itself. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. Because of this, the Nga chief burnt down the king's city, and the king died in the fire. Barring a successful invasion of Ladakh, Sikandar did not annex any new territory. Book III starts with an account of the reign of Meghavahana of the restored line of Gonanda and refers to the brief reign of Matrigupta, a supposed contemporary of Vikramaditya Harsha of Malwa. These include: A television series based on Rajatarangini named Meeras was begun in 1986 in Doordarshan Srinagar. The Shah Mir dynasty was a dynasty that ruled the region of Kashmir in the Indian subcontinent. His father Champaka was the minister (Lord of the Gate) in Harsha of Kashmir's court. The minister was persecuted, and ultimately imprisoned because of rumors that he would succeed the king. Eleven works of former scholars containing the chronicles of the kings, I have inspected, as well as the [Purana containing the] opinions of the sage Nila. What literary period is the beat generation aligned with? What is the best compliment to give to a girl? The summary is from J.C. Dutt's translation. Verse 14. Discuss, Ram Mohan Roy was given the title of Raja by. In 1546, after Humayun recovered Kabul, Haidar removed Nazuk Shah and struck coins in the name of the Mughal emperor. Toramana's son Pravarasena, who had been brought up in secrecy by his mother Anjana, freed him. Like the Shahnameh is to Persia, the Rajatarangini is to Kashmir. Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin of Kashmir had the famous historical work Rajatarangini and the Mahabharata translated into Persian. The Hindu Centre for Politics and Public Policy, Supreme Court forms expert panel to probe any regulatory failure on Adani issue, India makes renewed push for consensus at G20 Foreign Ministers meeting, Hindenburg Research report on Adani Group | Supreme Court verdict on expert committee on March 2, High debt on Vedanta books puts investors on tenterhooks, Employees Provident Fund: How to activate UAN online, 1947: Madras Devadasis (Prevention of Dedication) Act passed, RMA 0-1 FCB, El Clasico highlights: Barcelona leads on aggregate after beating Real Madrid courtesy of a Militao own goal. The Shah Mir Sultanate and other South Asian polities, circa 1400 CE. And for another, Sarvagnana Peetha in Srinagar where Shankaracharya was enthroned is the one mystic chord of tradition that has endured in the Keralite imagination of Kashmir. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Who was the last king of Gonanda dynasty? Waged a war against the Tantrins with help of their rivals (known as Ekanga), but was defeated and killed. For example, Ranaditya is given a reign of 300 years. In this article, we will learn about the great ruler, Razia sultan, and the monument, Alai Darwaza. Zain ul Abidin, a 15th century ruler of Kashmir, appointed scribes to translate the Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian with the aim that these translations would give an insight into Hindu philosophy and culture to the rest of the world. Kalhana in his opening Taranga of Rajatarangini presents his views on how history ought to be written. There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: Ranjit Sitaram Pandit After an Abhimanyu, we come to the main Gonandiya dynasty, founded by Gonanda III. Nothing is known about his origin. Kalhana himself, notwithstanding, doesnt appear to have worked for any ruler. Brought up by, Within 6months of Bhikshachara's ascension, Sussala recovered his capital, leading to a civil war. He stopped the killing of cows by means . This king is identified by some with Huna ruler Toramana, although his successor Mihirakula is placed much earlier by Kalhana.[12]. [5] The total reign of the following kings is mentioned as 1266 years. They cannot be abusive or personal. Youngest son of Vajradjtya II. Verse 15. Raman Menon, an erudite scholar in both Sanskrit and Malayalam during his time. the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. Jonaraja became a Kashmiri antiquarian and Sanskrit writer. Compared to translations in other languages, Raman Menons craft is remarkable for its lucidity and elegance. Rajatarangini can be a metric splendid and verifiable account of the north-western Indian subcontinent, mainly the lords of Kashmir. He died after hearing about the false news of Sandhimati's death. He dug profound into such model functions as the Harshacharita and the Brihat-Samhita sagas and utilised with a praiseworthy commonality the neighbourhood rajakathas (regal accounts) and such past chips away at Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthiva Wali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. Kalhana lived in a time of political turmoil in Kashmir, at that time a brilliant center of civilization in a sea of barbarism. He was known by his subjects as Bod Shah or Budshah (lit. It does not store any personal data. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The Karkota line came to a close with the usurpation of the throne by Avantivarman, who started the Utpala dynasty in 855. Does adding salt to water increase conductivity? This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. Dethroned by Utpalaka's rival Mamma and the latter's son Yashovarman. Son of Lalitapida and Jayadevi, made the king by his maternal uncle Utpalaka. Translating the Past: Rethinking Rajatarangini Narratives in Colonial [7] Romila Thapar equates Jalauka to Kunala, stating that "Jalauka" is an erroneous spelling caused by a typographical error in Brahmi script. [4] It is known, however, that Mihirakula was the son of Toramana. magnitude of the journals program within the Press is unique among American This article examines two translations of the textone Orientalist and the other nationalistwith the purpose of interrogating these categories, by drawing out the complex engagement between European and indigenous ideas, and the dialogue between past and present that informed their production. . Complete Answer: In 1574 Akbar began a Maktab Khana or a place of interpretation works in Fatehpur Sikri. rajatarangini of kalhana vol iv - dr. raghunath singh_part3, rajatarangini of kalhana vol ii - dr. raghunath singh_part3, rajatarangini - shri ramtej shastri pandey_part3. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". His half-brother Vijaymalla rebelled against him, and got Harsha released from prison. [22] His policies, like with the previous Hindu rulers, were likely meant to gain access to the immense wealth controlled by Brahminical institutions;[23][22][24] further, Jonaraja's polemics stemmed, atleast in part, from his aversion to the slow disintegration of caste society under Islamic influence. Verse 15. Concerning past occasions. Examples translated by humans: MyMemory, World's Largest Translation Memory. As the result of the decline in linguistic oriented approaches, Translation Studies witnessed a move towards a more descriptive and cultural direction in the 1990s. November 1941, offering Asianists a wealth of information unavailable 'Rajatharangini' review: A Sanskrit classic from Kashmir revisited in Mughal Sultanate Flashcards | Quizlet Kalhana was a poet. Kalhana was an educated and sophisticated Sanskrit scholar, well-connected in the highest political circles. Son of Partha. The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided into eight books called Tarangas (waves). The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". in the broad and interdisciplinary area of "theory and history of cultural production," His son Kshemagupta married Didda, daughter of Simharaja of Lohara. What internet mobs don't understand about Urdu - The Indian Express Kashmira Kerala paryanthaamganatantrenashasssitam, Rakshayantujanaasarve, ekachhatramimaammaheem (From Kashmir to Kerala extending and governed by democracy, may all the people protect this lands sovereign unity). Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. Deposed his half-brother to become the king, but died after a week. 2011 Duke University Press [21] Even where the kings mentioned in the first three books are historically attested, Kalhana's account suffers from chronological errors. Learn about the life of Vallabhacharya, a great saint and philosopher. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. Answer. To avoid this outcome, the king married his daughter Anangalekha to Durlabhavardhana, a handsome but non-royal man from Ashvaghama. He was a vyavahari (perhaps merchant) who along with others who owned villages like him had set up little kingdoms during the last days of Karkotas. He looked into an assortment of epigraphic sources connecting with illustrious tributes, development of sanctuaries, and land awards; he concentrated on coins, fantastic remaining parts, family records, and nearby practices. The most glorious period of the Lodi Dynasty was the ruling period of Sikander Lodi. The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided into eight books called Tarangas (waves). Jonaraja became a Kashmiri antiquarian and Sanskrit writer. [5] According to Jonaraja, Shah Mir was the descendant of Partha The Himalayan area of Kashmir is an intermontane valley shaped by the stream Jhelum (antiquated name Vitasta), a feeder of the waterway Indus. It is a very good painting of the beyond with splendid recorded understanding. It exposes its own biases instead", "Review of Kingship in Kamr (AD11481459). for this article. Kalhana's account closes in the 22nd year of his reign. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. field of Asian Studies. Book VII brings the narrative to the death of King Harsha (1101), and Book VIII deals with the stormy events between the death of Harsha and the stabilization of authority under Kalhanas contemporary Jayasimha (reigned 112849). The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Her son was Chippatajayapida. ), Translations of Sanskrit Works at Akbar's Court, Politics of Time: Primitives and History-Writing in a Colonial Society, Buddhist History in the Vernacular: The Power of the Past in Late Medieval Sri Lanka, Travels in the Mogul Empire, A.D. 16561668, Ideology and Status of Sanskrit: Contributions to the History of the Sanskrit Language, Detailed Report of a Tour in Search of Sanskrit MSS. Jizya was abolished too in his command. Abul Fazl translated into Persian many outstanding Sanskrit works, such as, the. Rajatarangini . [18][19] A welfare-state was installed oppressive taxes were abolished, and free schools and hospitals were commissioned. Eventually a Pratapaditya, a relative of Vikrmaditya (not the Shakari) became king (II.6). Answer: [C] Jonaraja Notes: Sultan Sikandar established a department to translate Sanskrit works into Persia and vice versa in Kashmir. Son of Shankaravarman; ruled with help of his mother Sugandha; Murdered, Brother of Gopalavarman, died soon after ascending the throne. PDF Translating the Past: Rethinking 'Rajatarangini' Narratives in - JSTOR The Journal of Asian Studies Ruler of Kashgar (Central Asia) once attacked Kashmir with a large army. This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. [14], Shah Mir worked to establish Islam in Kashmir and was aided by his descendant rulers, specially Sikandar Butshikan. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. He was a religious king, and followed a near-ascetic lifestyle. The only significance of his rule is that the Sufi saint Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani arrived at Kashmir in his reign. 23 February 2011. The kings of Kashmir described in the Rjatarangi can be roughly grouped into dynasties as in the table below. Abu 'l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state that Shah Mir traced his descent to Arjuna, the basis of their account being Jonaraja's Rajatarangini, which Mulla Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni translated into Persian at Akbar's orders. Verse 7. According to Jogesh Chander Dutt's calculation, this year corresponds to 2448 BCE. Eleven works of former scholars containing the chronicles of the kings, I have inspected, as well as the [Purana containing the] opinions of the sage Nila. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. the Kambojs Unreliable Sources - The chronicles include those of Tahir, Haidar Malik, Rafiu'd Din Ahmad and Muhammad A'azam. [32] He died in 1550 after being killed in battle with the Kashmiris. Uchchala's step-brother; became the king after Radda's death. If you are already a registered user of The Hindu and logged in, you may continue to engage with our articles. They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. From the Pen of Jonarja, Court Pait to Suln Zayn al-bidn. In 1574, Akbar started an Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in his new capital of Fatehpur Sikri. Zain-ul-Abidin was also known as 'the Akbar of Kashmir'. He subdued several enemies. The Mahabharata, Ramayana, Atharva Veda, Lilawati, Rajatarangini was translated into Persian. Here maybe Kutumbi = kunabi (as in kurmis of UP and. it has been transformed into Persian, Get subscription and access unlimited live and recorded courses from Indias best educators. In the first Taranga (book) of Rajatarangini, Kalhana expresses his dissatisfaction with the earlier historical books, and presents his own views on how history ought to be written:[4]. He wrote the work in Sanskrit between 1148 and 1149. It emerged in South Asia after its ancestor dialects were subtle there from the northwest inside the overdue Bronze Ag. Smaller Kingdoms during Sultanate Era - Jagranjosh.com [15], Sultan Alau'd-Din's two sons became kings in succession, Sultan Shihabu'd-Din and Sultan Qutbu'd-Din. In that officials, Abdul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. The author of the Rajatarangini history chronicles the rulers of the valley from earliest times, from the epic period of the Mahbhrata to the reign of Sangrama Deva (c.1006 CE), before the Muslim era. After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. According to the Mahabharata, the Kambojs ruled Kashmir during the epic period (The epic period is estimated to be roughly from 1000 to 600 BC, when some of the greatest epics such as; Ramayana and Mahabharata, came into being during this time). In Books V and VI the history of the dynasty continues to 1003, when the kingdom of Kashmir passed on to a new dynasty, the Lohara. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to its synthesis. In this backdrop, the Malayalam translation called Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Suvrata's poem, though it has obtained celebrity, does not show dexterity in the exposition of the subject-matter, as it is rendered troublesome [reading] by misplaced learning. The chronicles only start to align with other evidence by book IV. Match words . Running into almost 8000 stanzas that are inconsistently disseminated among eight books or areas, the Kalhana Rajatarangini is a record of the illustrious administrations that administered the realm of Kashmir from its putative starting points to the writers own time. Cultural Life during the Sultanate Period - History Discussion His access to minute details of contemporary court intrigues was almost direct: his father and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. Salhana was deposed and imprisoned. How much salary can I expect in Dublin Ireland after an MS in data analytics for a year? in Persian - Gilaki-Persian Dictionary | Glosbe Kalhana's work uses Kali and Laukika (or Saptarishi) calendar eras: the ascension year in CE, as given below, has been calculated by Dutt based on Kalhana's records. in Persian - Gilaki-Persian Dictionary | Glosbe In subsequent years, through his tact and ability Shah Mir rose to prominence and became one of the most important personalities of his time. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. [5], Kalhana mentions that Gonanda I ascended the throne in 653 Kali calendar era. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. was Abul Fazl translated the Panch Tantra (Anwar-i-Sahili) and Faizi the story of NalDamayanti into Persian. Is domestic violence against men Recognised in India? But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. 10-year-old child of Nirjitavarman; placed on throne by the Tantrins. Among original compositions in Persian, historical literature easily occupied the first place. For example, Kalhana has highly exaggerated the military conquests of Lalitaditya Muktapida.[18][19]. His descendant Meghavahana later restored the dynasty's rule. What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions He was deposed by rebellious ministers, and granted asylum by a neighboring king. [dubious discuss] In fact, his translator Aurel Stein expressed the view that his was the only true Sanskrit history. [6], The Gonanda dynasty ruled Kashmir for 1002 years. Such striking historical details aside, the preeminent fact is that Kalhanas is a literary text of extraordinary merit. Who translated Rajatarangini in Kashmiri? - ProfoundTips [6], (Note the confusion of dates in this and the following sections. The Rajatarangini was written in Sanskrit by Kalhana, who was a Kashmiri Brahmin. Sanskrit Made his brother Sussala the ruler of Lohara. The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. All Rights Reserved 2022 Theme: Promos by. Son of Durlabhavardhana and Anangalekha. His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continuation of Kalhanas Rjataragin and brings the annal of the rulers of Kashmir proper right down to the hour of the creators supporter Zain-ul-Abidin. Learn more topics related to Ancient History of India, Download lessons and learn anytime, anywhere with the Unacademy app, Access free live classes and tests on the app. His father Champaka was the minister (Lord of the Gate) in the court of Harsha of Kashmir. According to the historical evidence, Lalitaditya Muktapida ruled during the 8th century. thirty journals, primarily in the humanities and social sciences, though it The book has a magisterial Foreword by Puthezhath Raman Menon, a considerable figure in Malayalam literature and a contemporary of the translator. 1 Sultan Zain-Ul-Abidin of Kashmir had the famous historical work, Rajatarangini, and the Mahabharata translated into Persian. Died young. What was the content of the text the Rajatarangini? Kalhana was excellently equipped for the work. hasContentIssue true, Copyright The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 2011, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021911810002998, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. An unpopular king, he was killed. Who translated Ramayana into Persian language? - Toppr Ask all exact any . [6] Although "Jina" is a term generally associated with Jainism, some ancient sources use it to refer to the Buddha. The author Kalhana was a son of a minister of Harsha of this family. Murdered by Radda. Little is known about him except from what he tells us about himself in the opening verses of his book. During Akbar's time the Ramayana and Mahabharata were also translated into Persian. Translation of " " into Persian . Explanation: In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. involving the history, arts, social sciences, philosophy, and contemporary A Persian translation of Rajatarangini was commissioned by Zain-ul-Abidin, who ruled Kashmir in the 15th century CE. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Gave lands to Brahmins. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Rajatarangini is more aptly described as meta history. How do people make money on survival on Mars? According to D. C. Sircar, Kalhana has confused the legendary Vikramaditya of Ujjain with the Vardhana Emperor Harsha (c. 606-47 CE). The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a "historical" text on this region. In later years of his reign, he started patronizing unwise persons, and the wise courtiers deserted him. Who translated Rajatarangini in Kashmiri? Kalhana relates that Lalitaditya Muktapida invaded the tribes of the north and after defeating the Kambojas, he immediately faced the Tusharas. There are several discrepancies between the Ashoka mentioned in Kalhana's account and the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. His son Jayendra was followed by Samdhimati-Aryaraja (34 BCE-17 CE) who had the soul of Jayendra's minister Sandhimati. Report Error Rajatarangini in Scholarship The most widely known Rajatarangini (River of Kings) - and the one on which the English translations discussed here are based - is a Sanskrit narrative by Kalhana Pandit dating to 1148-49 AD.1 It is written in verse in the Sanskrit kavya style and divided into eight cantos (or tarangas ), which number close to 8,000 . Defeated the Tantrins with help of Damara feudal lords. Raman Menons translation attempts to preserve the essential characteristics of the original by adopting the Manipravalam diction. Answer: A) Abdul Fazi. Later, in the time of Firuz, Sanskrit books on medicine and music were translated into Persian. He devoted his time to sensual pleasures, and neglected royal duties. But oddly enough, no translation of the work into Malayalam had been attempted all this time until Raman Menon, a scholar and author of numerous books in Malayalam including an extensive commentary of [17], Shihabud-din was also a great administrator who governed his kingdom with firmness and justice. The broad valley of Kashmir, also spelled Cashmere[2] is almost completely surrounded by the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal range. The polar ends of the subcontinent that these two regions represent have been lyrically evoked in the familiar poetic description of himavatsethuparyanthaam.